History of Republic of Korea and its Affect on Cultural Values, Research Paper

History of Republic of Korea and its Affect on Cultural Values, Attitudes, and Beliefs - Research Paper Example From the upper east Asian landmass, the Korean Peninsula broadens a thousand kilometers southwards. Minor departure from atmosphere were articulated 300 kilometers along the south-north pivot. Varieties of these atmospheres mark the distinctions in plant vegetation along the hub making the southern portion of landmass warm. Mountain ranges filled in as limit markers between the locales. The normal limits hindered various communications between the masses living on either side of inconspicuous, extend or considerable came about to the improvement of provincial contrasts in both the traditions and communicated in language of the individuals. Town-conditions of Korea in the long run joined into innate groups including complex political structures prompting the development of three realms. Between 37 B.C. what's more, 668A.D, Goguryeo inborn alliance, situated along the center course of the Yalu River turned into the first to develop into a realm. Goguryeo involved an enormous region of land in the fragments of Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. Goguryeo achieved total trappings of a domain after resulting foundation of a political structure (Peterson and Margulies, 2010). Baekje is the second realm which developed between 18 B.C and 660 A.D. Baekje realm developed from the town-express that was situated in the south of Hangang River which is today alluded as Seoul. Silla realm created between 57 B.C and 935 A.D. Silla realm was the most vulnerable and immature contrasted with the three realms. Silla was situated in the southeastern region of the promontory (Peterson and Margulies, 2010). The realm had no Chinese impact to its topographical area. Silla realm had propelled Buddhist request that checked class-direction including Hwarang, who was youthful blue-blooded warriors. Gaya realm created, subsequently, of the association of a few clans along the stream of Nakdonggang. In the mid-6th century, Silla controlled the neighboring-states that were

Theories of African Christian Ethics

Hypotheses of African Christian Ethics Presentation Before I start, let me initially propose to you the general assignment of Christian Ethics. In the event that I talk about morals, I talk about Who we are, the manner by which we are to see our reality and how we are to live in this world. This is the primary essence of Christian Ethics. In this task I might want to show a working information on African, Western and African Christian Ethics. I will likewise take a gander at the contrasts between chosen moral hypotheses. Task 1 Clarify Western Ethics and assess the impact it has on our comprehension of morals. Underscore both the positives and negatives it has realized in moral reasoning. As indicated by Barnhill (2009) the Western custom has four significant ways to deal with morals: The initial two recorded (Utilitarian Ethics and Deontological Ethics) are present day improvements and they command current way of thinking. He says that Virtue morals is as old as Plato and is making somewhat of a return. Regular law morals is generally well known among ecological ethicists. In the wake of perusing his Environmental examinations, I have come to understand the accompanying: This investigation talks about goodness and disagreeableness. We can distinguish satisfaction with the great and considers righteousness to be a significant piece of joy. We can clarify that satisfaction and righteousness ought to be disengaged. On the off chance that we take a gander at uprightness it identifies with positive attitude, a cooperative attitude is acceptable in each situation and is supreme or unequivocal great. It develops when you represent the purpose of obligation. A human activity is ethically acceptable and is accomplished for obligation. Western Ethics gives us that an activity can be persuaded by obligation and has moral worth. Not due to the outcomes it accomplished, yet for fulfilling a proper guideline. The guideline of performing ones obligation, whatever it might be. Individuals have driving forces and wants and that is the reason the ethical law appears to us as a law that we should comply. This driving forces and wants is our solitary hotspot for moral j udgment. This is our through and through freedom. Our through and through freedom can make an ethical law and we will obey it. The human brain can comprehend what is acceptable and abhorrent. To have esteem judgment is conceived from within us. This is called your inner voice. A great many people perceive that man is allowed to settle on their ethical choices. Then again, all the things that we foul up originate from our human wants. People ought to follow the desire of God. Utilize the desire of God to settle on specific choices throughout everyday life. There is a widespread good law, the information to liberate ourselves from human wants. We are allowed to make great and sound good decisions. In the methodology of care and the network, a lot of Western Ethics has given people the option to consider themselves. We should construct love and sympathetic connections among individuals. The full hypothesis of morals would need to suit each of the four parts of Western morals. One appro ach to here and there approach Western morals and the impact it has on morals depends on four viewpoints like rights, merchandise, temperances and our relationship with one another. We should take a gander at the accompanying inquiries like: Do our activities abuse another people rights? We should attempt to accomplish great throughout everyday life. Take a gander at our honesty. Care for one another. Morals and even Western Ethics can never be static and with Western Ethics there are sure structures and standards. We dont know whether Western Ethic has a future, yet it truly and most certainly have a past. We can see that the examples of the Western good character will proceed to surface and truly must be managed, either through difficult reflection or excruciating rebuilding (Kunhiyop, 2004:29). Characterize in your own words Contemporary African Ethics. Feature its significant attributes. Kigongo (nd) says that Contemporary African Ethics is a mix of African moral convention and European moral custom. What better approach to portray Contemporary African Ethics than the word Ubuntu. Ubuntu implies that individuals are individuals as a result of others. In Africa no one can endure alone, we need each other to endure. I feel that we are on the whole looking and recommending new headings which to follow in quest for African qualities. We can say that the establishment of African morals is unquestionably a humanistic perspective. Everything about the network apparently exists in the present time and place, yet in addition before, through the individuals who have just gone and furthermore later on, the individuals who still can't seem to come. It is the past that impact the present and the present what's to come. Why, we ask, has this perspective, with the accentuation on regard for all humanity, backing and duty not travel through the entire world yet? You recall in the second passage I talked about Ubuntu. Indeed, I can say that this perspective is communicated by the very society that lives as indicated by it. In the event that the network follows Contemporary African Ethics, they are living declarations to their perspective. This perspective merits restoring and regard for another, particularly an outsider, is notable to networks in the south of the Sahara. With them a guest was to be invited and feted, not associated and opposed like in some with our networks (Kunhiyop, 2004:23-27). Africa is as of now taking a gander at another future with regards to African Ethics. Africa accepts that its own perspective has so much potential and contemporary messages to give. Africa doesn't have all the above on record, yet the way of life itself talks about improvement and worth. Certainly African qualities can be remembered for everything throughout everyday life, for instance in organizations of higher learning. The world needs progressively Contemporary African Ethics (Kunhiyop, 2004:13). Recognize the key parts of African Christian Ethics. I hear what Okolo (nd) says: To start with, the African may well check himself lucky to be honored with such a fundamentally stable and suffering strict and good convention. Be that as it may, this doesn't at all imply that the Christian religion dependent on Christs love ethic comprises a negligible shallow measurement in his ethical life. The Christian religion implies for the African principal changes in huge numbers of his social qualities and choices with the end goal that a genuine transformation is required for him to be a Christian in the legitimate importance of the term and in its moral ramifications. I believe that the African culture is in an ethical emergency. The African are having a character emergency and have moved away from their worth framework. Their virtues they parted with for other worth frameworks. One might say the main viewpoints is the way that they have double-crossed the African worth framework by breaking down it with the financial and political ramifications that are taken from all the diverse worth frameworks. The second angle for me is the way that Africans are currently surrendering their worth framework by attempting to grasp different frameworks, in particular radicalism and utilitarianism. The result of this previously mentioned move is that the African will never again be known by what he is, however by what he has gained by various methods. The African have lost the feeling of Who am I and this made the ethical emergency in South Africa. In the event that we take a gander at excellence morals, I figure it could assist us with redeeming the African wort h framework just as each person in South Africa. Prudence morals is proposed to give a general public wherein individuals can carry on with an important life. There is a general understanding among the African individuals that the African can't be characterized with the exception of in the closeness of the network. We can see the closeness of connection between the individual and the social idea of the African. The African framework isn't worried about material issues; it is concerned principally with individuals in their relationship with each other. It is that way, the network implies that the network alone can comprise the unique circumstance, their social and social space. Africans needs to discover opportunity and obligation in themselves and furthermore in others in South Africa. End Regardless of whether African Christian Ethics will begin an alternate financial and political plan stays an inquiry that should be investigated top to bottom. Reference index Barnhill D L 2007. Four Traditional Western Approaches to Ethics. Online article: http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/barnhill/ES_375/ethics.html, 07/01/2009. Kunhiyop S W 2004. African Christian Ethics. US of America: Hippo Books. Kigongo J K n.d. The Relevance of African Ethics To Contemporary African Society. Online article: http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-8/chapter_ii.htm, 13/01/2009. Okolo C B n.d. The African Experience of Christian Values: Dimensions of The Problematic. Online article: http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-3/chapter_xi.htm, 13/01/2009. Presentation The Bible is a statement of Gods will to us and has the privilege remarkably to characterize what we are to accept and how we are to act. In the book African Christian Ethics Samuel W. Kunhiyop gives us rules in scriptural Christianity for Africa. Despite the fact that Samuel Kunhiyops book doesn't manage the job of the Bible, I will audit his book to get deeply. We realize that everything remains the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. To survey an extraordinary Theologian like Samuel W. Kunhiyop, I dont think it is for me to remark in transit he composed his book. Task 2 Compose a basic book audit of the course reading material: Samuel Kunhiyop (2004), African Christian Ethics. In the presentation Samuel depicts the requirement for composing this book: Christian morals is regularly viewed equivalent to Western morals, however they are truly not the equivalent. The two have become confounded in light of the fact that Western preachers didn't bring a valid and fair gospel however one that is not quite the same as the genuine gospel. Understudies who ought to consider African Christian morals are over and over again occupied with an inappropriate moral hypotheses originating from the West. What ought to be instructed in African religious universities is a morals that is African, scriptural and Christian. That is the thing that this book tries to provide for its peruser (Kunhiyop, 20

Charcter Analysis of the short Story The Enormous Radio Essay

Charcter Analysis of the short Story The Enormous Radio - Essay Example In addition, the new radio ended up being excessively delicate to electronic gadgets from the start, and when it was fixed, it began to transmit the discussions of others in the condo. Irene got the propensity for tuning in to these discussions, and got annoyed with the night. Jim fixes it again and recovers the radio to working condition. Irene gives off an impression of being a satisfied housewife, making the most of her everyday errands and the spare time in which she tunes in to the radio. Be that as it may, the quiet air offers approach to unpretentious subtleties of contention, as she holds tuning in to the discussions of others. She seems stunned by the night when Jim shows up. She requests that he go up to 16-C where Mr. Osborn is beating his better half. When Jim attempts to reprimand her, she reveals to him how horrendous the lives of the individuals in their loft had. Practically every one of them were quarreling over cash matters and having dishonest existences. She attempts to get the consolation from Jim that their life had not been that way. She asks him: â€Å"†¦ we have consistently been acceptable and respectable and wanting to each other, haven’t we†¦.Our lives aren’t ignoble, would they say they are, sweetheart? Are they?† This uncovers the inward clashes Irene had wit h respect to her family life. She isn't absolutely uninformed of the scars that stay after misleading periods of life, yet she attempts to conquer that with the great parts of her life. The disclosure all the families around her are experiencing a type of self-duplicity and wretchedness which disturbs her. She attempts to differentiate the relative harmony and request in her family and dare to dream that her family life would not wind up being a hotshot. On the day the radio is fixed finally, an unusual contention is gotten by Jim, which Irene attempts to disregard. In any case, in his rage, he blames Irene for deceiving him about taking care of the apparel tabs. He makes his disdain with respect to the additional costs

Compare And Contrast Two Films - 825 Words

Compare And Contrast Two Films (Movie Review Sample) Content: NameProfessorInstitution14 October 2013Compare and Contrast Two MoviesIn the movie, The Terrorizers', the plot has its focus on the unstable relationships of three different couples. There is the young male photographer and his girlfriend, a delinquent Eurasian girl Wang her boyfriend, a doctor, and his wife. The photographer is obsessed with his hobby such that he forgets his girlfriend in an attempt to chase after Wang An after incidentally snapping a picture of her escaping a crime scene. Wang collaborates with her boyfriend to commit a number of conspiracy frauds on random people including the doctor Li Lizhong and his wife Zhu Youfeng a novelist. The two are struggling to maintain their relationship amidst re-unions with past lovers and attempts to manage their jobs. Set in Taipei, the three interwoven threads of relationships portray life in the modern city life with its expectations and realities.Yet another portmanteau film set in Taiwan City is The Sandwich Man', made during the 1980s that gives a glimpse of the economic hardships during the 60s. Full of Taiwanese dialogues, it is about Horace Quilby who in an attempt to feed his family takes on a job as a sandwich-board advertising man. As a walking billboard, he gets to tour London and its many streets and in the process meets many outrageous and interesting characters who leave an impact in his life. Some of them include two salesmen who are in the business of selling pressure cookers that are unsafe and eventually have to face up to the consequences of their acts. There is also squatter family going through a lot of suffering but in the end is entertained with jubilation when an involvement in a road accident promises them compensation payment.A recurrent theme in The Terrorizers' is absenteeism, the continuous absence of things. It is evident from the movie that a concurrent message of the absence of fathers, politically and socially, is illustrated throughout the script. Politic ally there is the absence of leaders. The photographer also develops the theme in a number of ways, he in the first place desserts his family and girlfriend as his job engulfs his time and devotion. He similarly turns the apartment into a darkroom hence denying him the time reality as he creates his own world. A teenage girl whom he accommodates temporarily at a particular point asks him how he is able to differentiate between day and night. The movie gives a brief moment of revelation when there is a differentiation between darkness and light. The terrorizers' is able to capture the logic and meaning of the dream world through the protagonists who are but individuals suspended in time. The relationships featured are also used to further illustrate the desperate situation in the intertwined lives. The doctor is preoccupied with his promotion and job and seems to have forgotten all about the wife who longs for a more romantic connection with her husband. This misunderstanding dri ves them to infidelity. Wang's father is similarly a protagonist of the theme of absenteeism as her mother is left to deal with her rebellious daughter and is forced to lock her up in the house.This comedy, The Sandwich man' on the other hand explores a set of themes including irony, stereotypes, and freedom. Horace has the time to go around the city as he explores all of its famous sights and ways. Most of the characters are stereotypes and are all fixed on certain images or places. It is only Horace who seems to be exempted from the bunch as he is able to mingle and understand the people. Michael is evidently one of the less famous individuals and very little of the absurd form of aesthetics is explored. The comedy in the film is however more of an anthology of comedy than of pure comedy. Every new character that Horace meets represents different comedy types since there is farce, verbal encount...

A Man With Good Standards - 864 Words

A Committed Man Louis Weldon, a man with good standards, has done a lot for other people within the community. He attends the Alcoholic Anonymous meetings for recovering alcoholic and drug addicts. Twelve years of sobriety is what Mr. Louis has to show for the ones that are in need of his help. The A.A. meetings are where a lot of the members come to him for help or look up to him as a mentor. Mr. Louis tries to lead people in the right direction after they have reached the darkest place in their life. Many people come to him because he is a model that things will get better, and they can overcome their addiction. â€Å"There are not any leaders in A.A., I’m a servant for the people†, he says. As a witness, he is a prime example of a great leader. I had the wonderful pleasure of interviewing Mr. Louis about his huge role within the community. He loved talking about helping others and everything he will do to see a person happy and doing well. We had the interview inside the A.A. house, two hours before the meeting started, with no one else around. To get things started, Mr. Louis commented that the reason he got involved with the A.A. meetings is because, â€Å"I am an alcoholic and a drug addict, and I joined the program to get help myself.† When asked, â€Å"What are the challenges of being a leader in the Alcoholics Anonymous meetings?† He made it very clear that â€Å"There are no leaders in A.A., only trusted servants.† Mr. Louis also states, â€Å"The biggest challenge is getting the messageShow MoreRelatedWalter White Was A Good Man By American Society s Standards940 Words   |  4 Pagesposted a caricature that depicted a cop speaking with an inmate saying â€Å"I am neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome. Like yourself, I am a complex amalgam of positive and negative personality traits that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances† (Stevens, 2007). 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Advanced Managerial Finance Mini Case - 2153 Words

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Effective International Marketing in Globally Franchising Firms. free essay sample

EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING IN GLOBALLY FRANCHISING FIRMS. Overview The decision to take a company outside the the company’s origin involves careful analysis of risk and benefit factors, consideration and selection of potential markets, planned market entry, and development of market penetration over time. While this can be done through a number of strategies, franchising is a growing means of achieving international presence. DECIDING TO FRANCHISE INTERNATIONALLY With the increase in international franchising and its impact on marketing, a number of studies have been conducted on various related aspects. One first consideration in literature is what leads to the decision to go international, and how this stimulates marketing within the firm. It is first helpful to consider the relationship between parent companies and their subsidiaries, whether franchises, partnerships, or company-owned outlets. Structurally, large multinationals such as McDonald’s and Benetton are â€Å"better viewed as inter-organisational networks than monolithic hierarchies,† because each subsidiary can take actions that affect the company as a whole (Birkinshaw 2000, 2). Corporate structure is determined by interplay between parent and subsidiary, with both responding to and driving needed changes in the business environment (Birkinshaw 2000, 4). Sometimes it will be the subsidiary that pursues markets, making a â€Å"proactive and deliberate pursuit of a new business opportunity† in order to â€Å"expand its scope of responsibility† (Birkinshaw 2000, 2). Eroglu (1992) studied determinants in firms’ decisions to franchise internationally. He found two sets of â€Å"perceptual variables – perceived risks and perceived benefits – † determine a company’s decision (19). When the perceived benefits outweighed the perceived risks, the company would proceed with expansion. Cost/benefit analysis in one common method for measuring benefits versus risk, but again, is filtered through the perceptual opinions of decision makers. It is therefore to consider the variables as perceived benefits and perceived risks (Eroglu 1992, 23). In addition to push and pull factors, there are two theories in the study of franchising that explain the decision to move into international locations. Both address one of the most ebated topics in franchising research: why the parent company would want to franchise, when company-owned units provide a higher rate of return (Elango and Fried 1997, 69). Once a business achieves a certain size, it is more profitable to the parent company if wholly owned. For example, a typical franchisee may make a forty percent margin, and pay half of that to the parent company. â€Å"With the right economies of scale, the franchisor could recoup m ore of that profit margin by owning the company outright† (Hoar 2003, 78). The first, resource scarcity theory, contends that companies lack the resources such as capital, local market knowledge, and managerial talent to open international outlets on their own (Altinay 2004, 427). By recruiting local franchisees who supply capital, management, and knowledge of the local market, franchising organisations can achieve internationalisation not otherwise possible (Altinay 2004, 427). The parent company would not be able to expand, particularly on an international level, without the assets offered by the franchisee. This theory is more easily applied to small and medium-sized firms which obviously lack the assets for internationalisation than it is to either McDonald’s or Benetton. Interestingly both organisations do have some company-owned holdings. For McDonald’s part, Ray Kroc once contended he was in the real estate business, not the restaurant business, citing the large passive income generated from the leasing of McDonald’s properties to individual franchisees (Vignali 2001, 97). Agency theory is based on the relationship between the principal party, in this case the parent company, who owns or control a set of economic assets or functions. They delegate work to the agent, in this case the franchisee, who operate on the principal’s behalf (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 227). The theory stresses the importance of the process of the transfer of information, the problem of information asymmetry, and monitoring costs associated with both (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 224). Jensen and Meckling (1975) explain information asymmetry problems occur because the franchisee has detailed information about franchise operations that are not communicated to the parent company, and this causes division between the aims of the parent company and the franchisee. This is enhanced by the natural tendency for franchisees to operate in their own best interests, even at the expense of the parent company (Altinay 2004, 427). Applying Agency Theory to a firm’s decision to franchise internationally, the company usually does so on the basis of lower costs and decreased risk. Since salaried managers would be likely to under perform, going with franchisees increases the likelihood of dedicated performance, and therefore reduced monitoring costs (Elango and Fried 1997, 71. Franchises â€Å"provide the parent company advantages such as economies of scale in marketing and production, while providing or entrepreneurial discretion at the unit level† (Elango and Fried 1997, 68). In addition, franchises impact the overall marketing strategy and specific marketing activities of the firm as a whole. Any increase in business activity, such as new outlets or product, should generate additional marketing. In particular, international franchising usually requires adaptation of marketing products to the local cultures. In the case of Benetton’s social awareness campaigns, marketing product was intended to be used globally, although some areas and retailers found some of the photos disturbing or inappropriate (Barela 2003, 118). While the series certainly raised awareness and sales did increase during the time they were in use, there is contention whether the marketing scheme helped or hurt retailers’ bottom line in many locations (Barela 2003, 118). This often leads to the company adapting its global marketing strategy and components for a specific geographical region or cultural group (Vignali 2001, 97). MARKET CHOICE Choice of market has also been a subject of much research. â€Å"Each   concept and country must be considered separately in relation to a multitude of issues about the market, potential franchisees, legal matters, receptivity to franchising in general, and feasibility of the particular concept† (Maynard 1995, 69). â€Å"In international markets, franchise relations are influenced by the extent to which the overseas franchise system can be transferred into the local market in terms of product acceptance, suitable local presentation and transferable support services† (Connell 1999, 86). Legal concerns are of particular importance, since they differ so greatly from country to country. For example, there is currently no legislation in the UK that regulates franchising (Hoar 2003, 77). The European Union adopted block exemption for franchises, which protects them from antitrust laws. â€Å"France, Mexico, and Brazil have enacted laws similar to those of the United States, requiring franchisors to provide presale disclosure to prospective franchisees, while Australia and Italy have adopted voluntary codes pertaining to presale disclosure and other requirements† (Maynard 1995, 71). Atlinay (2004), citing a number of research studies, determined that several organisational determinants directly impact market choice. Organisation size greatly determines the number of franchises that can be supported, as each must be supplied with product and support (Altinay 2004, 429). Operating and international experience have both been shown to positively effect the decision to franchise. In general, the greater the experience of decision-makers, particularly if they have lived or worked abroad successfully, the greater likelihood they will pursue markets beyond current operations. Altinay 2004, 429). Company leaders may also recognise that competitive pressures in current markets make growth and expansion there unlikely or prohibitively expensive. Similarly, the external environment of the markets under consideration may make them more or less attractive to potential investors (Altinay 2004, 429). For example, some governments have highly restrictive business laws, while oth ers provide little or no protection for franchisers. The former makes both starting and doing business difficult, while the latter puts the franchiser at risk. A supposed franchisee could simply take the business model or proprietary systems and go out on their own, cutting the franchiser out of their rightful position in the relationship. Other researchers have concluded geographical and cultural proximity are major determinants of market choice (Alon and McKee 1999, 76-77). Specifically, organisations will choose markets based on their physical closeness or cultural similarities to the head office. For example, the areas most likely to begin franchises of UK businesses are Ireland and France, while US franchisers first target Canada and Mexico (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 15). The logistical issues of transporting people and product are greatly reduced when franchises expand into nearby countries, rather than ones far removed. After geographically immediate countries, the next areas targeted for franchise are those with similar cultures to the organisation’s host country (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 15). For example, UK retailers franchising in the US, Canada, or Australia can expect relatively similar customer groups, requiring little adaptation of product or marketing materials. Training, advertising, and other organisation material can remain in English, with no need for ranslation or significant cultural variations (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 16). In practice, some franchisers leave market choice almost entirely up to the initiation of franchisees, while others are more proactive. In a best-case scenario, both the subsidiary and parent company evaluate the local market, the internal market, and the global market when considering possible market s (Birkinshaw 2000, 9). For example, McDonald’s both requires market justification from franchisees and carefully evaluates each new market opportunity before allowing franchisees to proceed (Vignali 2001, 97). Market approval is heavily dependent on resource allocation, that is, there must be sufficient resources available and available at that location for the market choice to go forward (Birkinshaw 2000, 45). MARKET ENTRY Various factors have been found to contribute to the method, location, and timing of market entry. First, there are a number of different methods used in international expansion and franchising. Direct franchising, joint ventures, and master franchising are all common. In direct franchising, the parent company seeks out potential franchisees in market areas it has selected for development (Maynard 1995, 66). While it requires greater involvement by the parent company, it also allows the organisation to be more selective in franchisee choice and therefore have more control over the foreign operation (Maynard 1995, 68). Franchisees may be solicited through newspapers or similar media outlets, but are more commonly sought through recommendations of other successful franchisees (Noren 2001, 62). Sometimes the parent company actually joins with a local firm to move into a foreign market. This can be through acquisition or merger, but is more commonly accomplished through a joint venture. This is when the companies join forces to create a distinct third company owned by both partner firms† (Maynard 1995, 66). â€Å"Joint ventures create more-cumber-some tax and financial issues than the other two approaches, but they have other advantages, which vary depending on the partnership arrangement† (Maynard 1995, 68). The created company then sometimes initiates or supervises franchise relations within its country or geographical region, and sometimes oversees company-owned units (Maynard 1995, 68). Some initiatives put forth by franchisees involve operations within the company. The most critical facilitator of internal market initiatives is the credibility of the subsidiary in the eyes of the parent company† (Birkinshaw 2000, 26). Such initiatives are geared towards rationalising and reconfiguring the systems within the parent company and increasing the efficiency of resource use, rather than improving external variables or increasing the firm’s re source base (Birkinshaw 2000, 27-28). Overall, direct and master franchising are the most commonly used methods for market entry by UK firms. They allow firms of various sizes, from small chains to large multinationals, to successfully internationalise. Companies can both grow globally and â€Å"reap the benefits of size without sacrificing the benefits of local presence† (Birkinshaw 2000, 1). The British Franchise Association (BFA) reports nearly seven hundred franchise systems are currently operational in the UK, accounting for more than 30,000 business units (Hoar 2003, 77). These franchises employ 330,000 people, and represented a total turnover of ? 9. 5 billion in 2002 (Hoar 2003, 77). While British firms have been slow to franchise overseas, particularly compared to companies from the US and Japan, they are rapidly catching up. Over one-third of British retailers with operations outside the country employ franchising to some degree (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 225). This number increases with the number of countries in which a particular firm has operations (Hoar 2003, 77). Factors driving franchisings international expansion â€Å"include heightened awareness of global markets, relaxation of trade barriers, saturation of some existing domestic markets, increasing prosperity and demand for consumer goods in many regions overseas, and increasing ease of doing business internationally because of improved communications and transportation systems† (Maynard 1995, 66). Both McDonald’s and Benetton have been impacted by at least three of these variables. DEVELOPING THE LOCAL MARKET Finally, entrepreneurs exhibit various strategies to develop the local market, even if they do so as agents or franchisees of a global firm. The traditional role of a subsidiary or franchisee is to adapt the parent company’s product to local tastes, â€Å"then act as a ‘global scanner,’ sending signals about changing demands back to the head office† (Birkinshaw 2000, 21). Examples of this would be McDonald’s menu changes, often suggested or proposed by local franchisees, and the use of Ronald McDonald as a spokesman, which was first initiated by local franchisees (Anon 2003, 16). It is imperative, therefore, that large organisations, particularly those that franchise, create systems and structural contexts in which local entrepreneurial activity is both encouraged and controlled (Birkinshaw 2000, 31). If no such structure exists, franchisees will often act as free agents, making decisions and taking actions â€Å"that they believe are in the best interests of the corporation as a whole,† whether or not these conform to the expressed desires of the parent company (Birkinshaw 2000, 2). Research indicates that four factors enhance initiative at the subsidiary or franchise level:   autonomy, resources, integration and communication (Birkinshaw 2000, 31). High levels of autonomy and resources enhance local and global initiative, but detract from internal initiative. High levels of integration and communication enhance internal initiative, but detract from local and global initiative (Birkinshaw 2000, 31). â€Å"Local market initiatives are facilitated most effectively through a moderate level of autonomy in the subsidiary coupled with a fairly strong relationship with the parent company† (Birkinshaw 2000, 23). In terms of marketing, local franchises have valuable input needed by the marketing teams at the corporate office, and should be respected for both their ideas and their first-hand knowledge of whether something is working. If this does not occur, the company will suffer from information asymmetry problems, as previously discussed under agency theory (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 224). When McDonalds decided to use famous athletes in its promotional materials, ads, and television commercials several years ago, they queried local franchisees for suggestions. As a result, the company was able to choose sports figures recognised in each market area, rather than one internationally known athlete, such as a Tiger Woods, who might have less impact in local markets (Vignali 2001, 97). A basketball star was featured in ads in the United States, a footballer in the UK, and so forth. This allowed McDonalds to project a locally appropriate image through its marketing campaign and further position align local franchises as part of the community, rather than as a foreign restaurant (Vignali 2001, 97). The company was able to do this because they had previously established systems by which ideas and input could be communicated back and forth between franchisees and the corporate headquarters (Vignali 2001, 97). Developing market requires initiating or building the demand of the public for a product, and positioning and pricing the product where it is available to meet such public demand (Johnson and Scholes 2002, 370). The entrepreneur franchisee, therefore, has several strategies available. He or she can make suggestions to the corporate office. These are more likely to be well received if backed by solid market data, particularly data not available to headquarters. The entrepreneur can produce his or her own marketing scheme, if not prohibited from doing so by headquarters. He or she can become highly active in community activities and use the franchise or its products for market development. In the case of Benetton, local retailers could, for example, become involved with groups addressing world hunger. Whatever the strategy, it must result in an increased affinity for the consumer towards the product, brand or retailer, and a corresponding increase in purchasing. REFERENCES Alexander, N. , Doherty, A. M. 2003. International Market Entry:   Management competencies and environmental influences. European Retail Digest, issue 42, pp. 14-19. Alon, H. McKee, D. 1999. Towards a macro environmental model of international franchising. Multinational Business Review, Spring 1999, pp. 76-82. Altinay, L. 2004. Implementing international franchising:   the role of intrapreneurship. 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